Molecular Biology is the study of the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules – such as nucleic acids and proteins. Genetics is concerned with the study of genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues.

Microbiological analysis is the use of biological, biochemical, molecular or chemical methods for the detection, identification or enumeration of microorganisms in a material. It is often applied to disease causing and spoilage microorganisms.

Immunochemistry covers both the function of the immune system and the use of immunoassay technologies for research and diagnostics.

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment. After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions.